Ứng dụng Tư duy tuyến tính trong IELTS Reading

A 1. Such is our dependence on fossil fuels, and such is the volume of carbon dioxide (that is) already released into the atmosphere, that many experts agree that significant global warming is now inevitable.

(1) Background info: global warming is inevitable (2) What we can do (3) The problem (4, 5) An alternative: geo-engineering Cấu 1: Hiện tượng nóng lên toàn cầu là hiển nhiên Câu 2: Phương pháp cần làm Cẩu 3: Vấn đề hiện tại Câu 4: Phương pháp thay thế

Structure: Such + be N1, and such + be N2 (+ that + be released into sth), that + S + be adj. ⇒ Câu đầu tiên của đoạn A có cấu trúc ngữ pháp: Such + be danh từ, that chủ ngữ + be tính từ ⇒ Cấu trúc such that trong tiếng Anh được hiểu với nghĩa quá nguyên nhân đến nỗi mà Kết quả. ⇒ Vậy ta có nguyên nhân: sự phụ thuộc vào nhiên liệu hóa thạch (dependence on fossil fuels) và hàm lượng CO2 thải ra (volume of carbon dioxide released into) dẫn tới hậu quả là sự nóng lên toàn cầu (global warming is inevitable)  

2. They believe that the best (that) we can do is keep it at a reasonable level, and at present the only serious option for doing this is cutting back on our carbon emissions. ⇒ Ở đây chúng ta có cấu trúc: S + believe that the best + that S can do is giải pháp S + be giải pháp ⇒ Ho tin rằng cách tốt nhất là giữ nó ở một mức độ, và lựa chọn là cắt giảm

3. But while a few countries are making major strides in this regard, the majority are having great difficulty even stemming the rate of increase, let alone reversing it.

Structure: But + while S + make strides in sth, S + have great difficulty stemming sth, let alone reversing sth. ⇒ Tuy nhiên, trong khi các nước đang nỗ lực (make strides) trong vấn đề này, phần lớn đang gặp khó khăn, thâm chí còn làm tăng, nói là chi là làm giảm. ⇒ Từ vựng trong câu này tương đối khó và lạ. Tuy nhiên, chúng ta có thể dựa vào từ But (nhưng) để suy ra rằng câu 3 mang ý nghĩa trái ngược với câu hai ⇒ Giải pháp hiện tại chưa triệt để, còn gặp nhiều vấn đề (problems).

4. Consequently, an increasing number of scientists are beginning to explore the alternative of geo-engineering — a term which generally refers to the intentional large-scale manipulation of the environment.

Structure:   ⇒ kết quả là, các nhà khoa học đang bắt đầu tìm kiếm một sự thay thế – mà liên quan tới sự thao túng môi trường ⇒ Từ consequently (kết quả) giúp ta suy ra được câu 4 đang đưa ra giải pháp thay thế cho vấn đề từ câu 3.

5. According to its proponents, geo-engineering is the equivalent of a backup generator: if Plan A – reducing our dependency on fossil fuels – fails, we require a Plan B, employing grand schemes to slow down or reverse the process of global warming. Structure: According to sth, S + be the equivalent of sth: if Plan A (- which reduces/reducing sth) fail, S + S require Plan B (+ which employ/employing N to slow down or reverse sth) ⇒ Dựa vào những yếu tố của nó, phương pháp thay thế này (geo-engineering) gần giống như một máy phát dự phòng. Nếu như kế hoạch A thất bại, chúng ta sẽ cần áp dụng kế hoạch B dể làm giảm nóng lên toàn cầu   ⇒ Chúng ta phân tích tương tự cho những đoạn tiếp theo

B 1. Geo-engineering has been shown to work, at least on a small localised scale. Structure: S + be shown to work, at least on N 2. For decades, MayDay parades in Moscow have taken place under clear blue skies, aircraft having deposited dry ice, silver iodide and cement powder to disperse clouds. Structure: For decades, S + take place somewhere, S + having deposited sth to sth

(1) Topic sentence: Geo-engineering has been shown to work (2) An example: Mayday parades (3) Further details: many schemes are suggested (4, 5) The most eye-catching idea (6) The effect

3. Many of the schemes now suggested look to do the opposite, and reduce the amount of sunlight reaching the planet. Structure: S (+ which be suggested/suggested) + look to do N, and reduce sth (reaching sth). 4. The most eye-catching idea of all is suggested by Professor Roger Angel of the University of Arizona. Structure: S + be suggested by sb.

5. His scheme would employ up to 16 trillion minute spacecraft, each weighing about one gram, to form a transparent, sunlight-refracting sunshade in an orbit 1.5 million km above the Earth. Structure: S + employ sth, (+ each weighing N) to form sth in sth. 6. This could, argues Angel, reduce the amount of light reaching the Earth by two per cent. Structure: S + reduce sth (which reach/reaching sth) by %.

C 1. The majority of geo-engineering projects (which are) so far carried out — which include planting forests in deserts and depositing iron in the ocean to stimulate the growth of algae – have focused on achieving a general cooling of the Earth. Structure: S (which are carried out) (- which include sth) + focus on achieving sth. 2. But some look specifically at reversing the melting at the poles, particularly the Arctic. Structure: But S + look at reversing sth, particularly sth. 3. The reasoning is that if you replenish the ice sheets and frozen waters of the high latitudes, more light will be reflected back into space, so reducing the warming of the oceans and atmosphere. Structure:   S + be that + S + replenish N1 and N2 of sth, S + be reflecred back into sth, so + reducing sth.

(1) The mutual aim of many geo-engineering projects (2) Reversing melting at the poles (3) The reason

D 1. The concept of releasing aerosol sprays into the stratosphere above the Arctic has been proposed by several scientists. Structure: S + be proposed by sb. 2. This would involve using sulphur or hydrogen sulphide aerosols so that sulphur dioxide would form clouds, which would, in turn, lead to a global dimming. Structure: S + involve using N + so that + S + form sth (+ which + lead to N) 3. The idea is modelled on historic volcanic explosions, such as that of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines in 1991, which led to a short-term cooling of global temperatures by 0.5 °C. Structure: S + be modelled on sth, such as N, which + lead to sth. 4. Scientists have also scrutinised whether it’s possible to preserve the ice sheets of Greenland with reinforced high-tension cables, preventing icebergs from moving into the sea. Structure: S + scrutinise + whether + S + be adj to preserve N, preventing N from V-ing. 5. Meanwhile in the Russian Arctic, geo-engineering plans include the planting of millions of birch trees. Structure: Meanwhile in somewhere, S + include sth. 6. Whereas the region’s native evergreen pines shade the snow and absorb radiation, birches would shed their leaves in winter, thus enabling radiation to be reflected by the snow. Structure:   Whereas S + shade sth + and + absorb sth, S + shed their leaves in sometime, thus enabling N to be reflected by sth. 7. Re-routing Russian rivers to increase cold water flow to ice-forming areas could also be used to slow down warming, say some climate scientists. Structure: S + be used to slow down sth.

(1) Background info: a concept (2) Further details (3) The model: on Mount Pinatuba (4) A controversial question (5) The model: on birch trees (6) Further details (7) More info

E 1. But will such schemes ever be implemented? Structure: But will S + be implemented? 2. Generally speaking, those who are most cautious about geo-engineering are the scientists (who are) involved in the research. Structure: Generally speaking, S (+ who + be adj about sth) + be sb (+ who + be involved in sth) 3. Angel says that his plan is ‘no substitute for developing renewable energy: the only permanent solution’. Structure: S say that + S + be ‘N’ 4. And Dr Phil Rasch of the US-based Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is equally guarded about the role of geo-engineering: ‘I think (that) all of us agree that if we were to end geo-engineering on a given day, then the planet would return to its pre-engineered condition very rapidly, and probably within ten to twenty years. Structure: And + S + be guarded about sth: ‘S + think (that) + if + S + be to end sth, then S + return to sth on sometime, within sometime’ 5. That’s certainly something to worry about. Structure: S + be sth to worry about.

(1) Topic sentence (2) Background info (3) Angel’s perspective (4, 5) Dr Phil Rasch’s perspective

F 1. The US National Center for Atmospheric Research has already suggested that the proposal to inject sulphur into the atmosphere might affect rainfall patterns across the tropics and the Southern Ocean. Structure: S + suggest + that + S + affect sth. 2. ‘Geo-engineering plans to inject stratospheric aerosols or to seed clouds would act to cool the planet, and act to increase the extent of sea ice,’ says Rasch. Structure:   ‘S (to inject sth or to seed sth) + act to cool sth, and act to increase sth’ 3. ‘But all the models suggest some impact on the distribution of precipitation.’ Structure: ‘But S + suggest impact on sth’

(1) A suggestion (2, 3) Rasch’s explanation

G 1. ‘A further risk with geo-engineering projects is that you can “overshoot”,’ says Dr Dan Hunt, from the University of Bristol’s School of Geophysical Sciences, who has studied the likely impacts of the sunshade and aerosol schemes on the climate. Structure: ‘S + be that + S + “overshoot”,’ say sb. 2. ‘You may bring global temperatures back to pre-industrial levels, but the risk is that the poles will still be warmer than they should be and the tropics will be cooler than before industrialisation. Structure: S + bring N back to sth, + but + S + be that + S + be adj than S+V + and + S + be adj than sth. 3. “To avoid such a scenario,” Hunt says, “Angel’s project would have to operate at half strength; Structure: “To avoid sth, S + have to operate at N” 4. all of which reinforces his view that the best option is to avoid the need for geo-engineering altogether.” Structure: S + reinforce sth + that + S + be to avoid sth.

(1, 2) A further risk – “overshoot” (3) The solution (4) Conclusion

2- B

“an example of a successful use of geo-engineering”

We find the keywords “example”, “successful” and “geo-engineering”: Paragraph B: “Geo-engineering has been shown to work, at least on a small localised scale.” → This sentence is followed by an example to prove that “Geo-engineering has been shown to work”: “His scheme would employ up to 16 trillion minute spacecraft, …” → “This could, …, reduce the amount of light reaching the Earth by two per cent.”

“successful use of geo-engineering” = “Geo-engineering has been shown to work” = “reduce the amount of light reaching the Earth by two per cent”

3- A

“a common definition of geo-engineering”

We find the keywords “definition”: Paragraph A: “Consequently, an increasing number of scientists are beginning to explore the alternative of geo-engineering – a term which generally refers to the intentional large-scale manipulation of the environment.”

“a common definition” = “generally refers to”

4- Sunshade

“put a large number of tiny spacecraft into orbit far above Earth to create a ………. that would reduce the amount of light reaching Earth”

Chúng ta tìm kiếm 2 từ khóa đó là “tiny spacecraft”, “reduce the amount of light”:⇒ Paragraph B: “His scheme would employ up to 16 trillion minute spacecraft, …, to form a transparent, sunlight-refracting sunshade in an orbit.”

“put a large number of tiny spacecraft into orbit” = “employ up to 16 trillion minute space craft … in an orbit”

5- Iron 6- Algae

“place (31) ……… in the sea to encourage (32) ………. to form

We find the keyword “place”, “in the sea”: Paragraph C: “The majority of geo-engineering projects so far carried out – which include planting forests in deserts and depositing iron in the ocean to stimulate the growth of algae”.

“place” = “depositing” “place sth in the sea to encourage sth to form” = “depositing iron in the ocean to stimulate the growth of algae”

7- Clouds

“release aerosol sprays into the stratosphere to create ……… that would reduce the amount of light reaching Earth”

We find the keywords “aerosol sprays”, “stratosphere”, “amount of light”: Paragraph D: “This would involved using sulphur or hydrogen sulphide aerosols so that sulphur dioxide would form clouds, which would, in turn, lead to a global dimming.”

“aerosol sprays” = using sulphur or hydrogen sulphide aerosols” “reduce the amount of light reaching Earth” = “global dimming” “create sth” = “form clouds”

8- Cables

“fix strong ……….. to Greenland ice sheets to prevent icebergs moving into the sea”

We find the keyword: “Greenland ice sheets”, “icebergs”: Paragraph D: “Scientists have also scrutinised whether it’s possible to preserve the ice sheets of Greenland with reinforced high-tension cables, preventing icebergs from moving into the sea.”

“strong sth” = “reinforced high-tension cables”

9- Snow

“plant trees in Russian Arctic that would lose their leaves in winter to allow the ……… to reflect radiation”

We find the keywords “tree”, “Russian Arctic”, “lose their leaves in winter” and “reflect radiation”: Paragraph D: “…, birches would shed their leaves in winter, thus enabling radiation to be reflected by the snow”.

“lose their leaves” = “shed their leaves” “allow the sth to reflect radiation” = “enabling radiation to be reflected by the sth”

10- Rivers

“change the direction of ………. to bring more cold water into ice-forming areas”

We find the keywords “direction”, “cold water”, “ice-forming areas”: Paragraph D: “Re-routing Russian rivers to increase cold water flow to ice-forming areas could also be used to slow down warming, say some climate scientists.” Việc

“change the direction of sth” = “re-routing Russian rivers” “bring more cold water into ice-forming areas” = “increase cold water flow to ice-forming areas” → The answer is “Russian rivers”, but only one word is allowed: “rivers”

11- B Phil Rasch

“The effects of geo-engineering may not be long-lasting”

Chúng ta tìm kiếm tên của từng nhà khoa học trong đoạn văn và những câu nói của từng người và từ kháo “not be long-lasting” Paragraph E: “And Dr Phil Rasch of the US-based Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is equally guarded about the role of geo-engineering: ‘I think all of us agree that if we were to go end geo-engineering on a given day, then the planet would return to its pre-engineered condition very rapidly, and probably within ten to twenty years.”

“the effects of geo-engineering” = “the role of geo-engineering” “not be long-lasting” = “Return to its pre-engineered condition”

12- D. Martin Sommerkorn

“Geo-engineering is a topic worth exploring”

We find what each scientist said and the keyword “worth exploring”: Paragraph D: “According to Dr Martin Sommerkorn, climate change advisor for the World Wildlife Fund’s International Arctic Programme, ‘Human-induced climate change has brought humanity to a position where we shouldn’t exclude thinking thoroughly about this topic and its possibilities.”

“worth exploring” = “We shouldn’t exclude thinking thoroughly about this topic and its possibilities”

13- C.  Dan Lunt

“It may be necessary to limit the effectiveness of geo-engineering projects”

We find what each scientist said and the keyword “limit the effectiveness”: Paragraph G: “To avoid such a scenario, Lunt says Angel’s project would have to operate at half strength; all of which reinforces his view that the best option is to avoid the need for geo-engineering altogether.”

operate at half strength” = “limit the effectiveness”